Category Archives: 20th Century

Albert Einstein’s Cosmic Religion

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Article (book chapter) 11 pages Level: university In this essay Nicholas Campion writes that, Many biographies pay no attention to Einstein’s religion, the clear inference being that it was not important.  Was Einstein religious, or not? The answer is not easy, for it all depends on what we think a religion is. This essay was published in the 2021 book Intersections of Religion and Astronomy. One of the editors of the book is Chris Corbally, an astronomer with the Vatican Observatory.  Campion concludes that, Einstein’s claim to be religious should… be taken at face value. From the publisher (Routledge), regarding Intersections as a whole: This volume examines the way in which cultural ideas about “the heavens” shape religious ideas and are shaped by them in return. Our approaches to cosmology have a profound effect on the way in which we each deal with religious questions and participate in the imaginative work of public and private world-building. Employing an interdisciplinary team … Continue reading →

Faith and the Expanding Universe of Georges Lemaître

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Article 5000 words Level: high school and above This 2019 article is unique in that it is an article about a Catholic scientist, written by a Catholic scientist and published in a Catholic journal. The article is about Fr. George Lemaître, the inventor of the Big Bang theory. The writer is Jonathan Lunine, the David C. Duncan Professor in the Physical Sciences at Cornell University, director of the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, and vice president of the Society of Catholic Scientists. The journal is the University of Notre Dame’s Church Life Journal. Lunine writes that On October 29th of 2018, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) voted to recommend renaming Hubble’s Law the “Hubble-Lemaître Law.” That such a vote would take place today—during a time when science and faith are portrayed in the media as implacable foes—speaks to the remarkable character of Lemaître himself, the Belgian monsignor and astronomer who made a number of fundamental contributions to the … Continue reading →

Georges Lemaître and the foundations of Big Bang cosmology

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Article 19 pages  Level: high school and above This article by astronomer Simon Mitton of St Edmund’s College of Cambridge University provides an overview of the life and work of Fr. Georges Lemaître that contains sufficient detail to satisfy the reader who has interest in Lemaître but that does not get into the level of detail found in a full biography.  The article was published in the journal The Antiquarian Astronomer in 2020. Mitton discusses Lemaître’s family and his military service in the First World War as much as he discusses his scientific work on what has come to be known as “The Big Bang Theory”. Mitton writes: On 1998 September 1, The Astronomical Journal published a spectacular paper announcing the discovery of the accelerating Universe…. The excitement at the time was palpable, and I vividly remember my cosmology colleagues in Cambridge exclaiming that ‘Lemaître’s cosmological constant is inflating the universe’. Overnight it seemed that a huge catch-up industry had … Continue reading →

Reaching for the Moon: The Autobiography of NASA Mathematician Katherine Johnson

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Book 250 pages Level: all audiences Reaching for the Moon was written by Katherine Johnson and published in 2019 (by Simon & Schuster: Athenium Books for Young Readers), when she was one over hundred years old.  Johnson was one of the NASA “computers” featured in the best-selling book Hidden Figures: The Untold True Story of Four African-American Women who Helped Launch Our Nation Into Space and the popular movie Hidden Figures.  The book discusses Johnson’s work at NASA, but its primary focus is on her family, her Christian faith, and how those came together to help her and other African-Americans succeed during a time when they lived under both legal segregation and a constant threat of violence. From the publisher: The inspiring autobiography of NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson, who helped launch Apollo 11. As a young girl, Katherine Johnson showed an exceptional aptitude for math. In school she quickly skipped ahead several grades and was soon studying complex equations with … Continue reading →

Hidden Figures

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Book 368 pages Level: high school and above Margot Lee Shetterly’s Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race is a best-selling book (made into a major motion picture) about the world of engineering, science, and mathematics.  The central figures in the book are four African American women—Dorothy Vaughn, Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, and Christine Darden—who were mathematicians, engineers, and computer programmers working at NASA Langley during the “Space Race”.  All four were people of faith, active in their churches.  Author Shetterly includes regular mention of church in telling the story of these women and of Langley. Indeed, a church (First Baptist Church in Hampton Virginia) appears in the very first sentence of the book. From the publisher, HarperCollins: Before John Glenn orbited the earth, or Neil Armstrong walked on the moon, a group of dedicated female mathematicians known as “human computers” used pencils, slide rules and adding … Continue reading →

Katherine G. Johnson: Of NASA and of the Presbyterian church

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Articles (3) Approx. 500 words each article Level: all audiences These are articles about Katherine G. Johnson, published in 2015-2017 by the Presbyterian Church, U.S.A.  Johnson is one of the NASA mathematicians whose stories were told in the movie and book Hidden Figures. Click here for “PC(USA) member and NASA mathematician receives Presidential Medal of Freedom” Click here for “Real life ‘Hidden Figures’ mathematician is longtime Presbyterian” Click here for “Katherine G. Johnson: NASA Mathematician and Dedicated Presbyterian” Click here for “Presbyterian mathematician, Medal of Freedom winner Katherine Johnson dies at age 101”    

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Marion Lee Johnson: “A Hidden Figure”

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Article 500 words Level: all audiences This short article in The Christian Recorder (African Methodist Episcopal Church), discusses Marion Lee Johnson, a mathematician with NASA who worked on the Apollo program and who is currently a speaker on STEM subjects.  The article was written in response to the 2017 movie Hidden Figures.  The article notes that “Sister Marion Lee Johnson has been an active member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church since 1969 and a member of Mount Zion AME Church of Plainfield, New Jersey since 1985.” Click here for the article.    

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‘Hidden Figures’ and the A.M.E. Church

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Article 300 words Level: all audiences This is a very brief notice from the website of the Third District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.  It calls attention to the film Hidden Figures, based on the book of the same name by Margot Lee Shetterly.  The article states: The film… is the story of the three African-American mathematicians whose knowledge helped John Glenn to orbit the Earth. Two of the three phenomenal women were members of the AME Church, one was a graduate of Wilberforce University and two of them grew up in the 3rd District. Both Mary Winston Jackson and Dorothy Vaughan were members of AME churches. Click here to access the article.    

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Strong Force – The Story of Physicist Shirley Ann Jackson

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Book 110 pages Level: all audiences This book by Diane O’Connell is a biography of Shirley Ann Jackson, the first African-American woman to obtain a Ph.D. from MIT (her field of study was nuclear physics). She went on to work at places including Fermilab, CERN, Stanford, and Bell Laboratories, and in the 1990’s was made head of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. She later became president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. While the book is primarily about Jackson’s scientific career and the challenges she faced, it does discuss the role that church played in Jackson’s life, and her “strong belief in God”. Strong Force is published by the Joseph Henry Press, an imprint of the National Academies Press, and by Scholastic. It is written at a middle school level. The following is from Scholastic: Shirley Ann Jackson sees the unseen. She’s an expert in the invisible particles that make up everything in the universe, including you. Shirley Ann Jackson is a … Continue reading →

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the Hubble–Lemaître law

Vatican Observatory Foundation Faith and Science

Article (2) 1900 words (total) Level: all audiences In October 2018 the International Astronomical Union voted overwhelmingly to change the name of the “Hubble law” (relating distance and velocity in the universe’s expansion) to the “Hubble–Lemaître law”, thus including the name of Fr. Georges Lemaître in the law.  These are two articles from the prominent journals Science and Nature discussing the IAU vote. Click here for an article on the vote from Nature. Click here for an article on the vote from Science.  

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